The History of Tricolor Flags: How a Design Pattern Conquered the World
France did not invent the tricolor. The Dutch had been flying a horizontal three-stripe flag nearly 200 years earlier, born from the colors of William of Orange. So how did this simple design become the near-universal language of 19th-century nation-states, from the Italian Risorgimento and the German black-red-gold to the Pan-Slavic colors and the Irish reconciliation flag? This is the story of how three stripes of cloth turned from a prince's emblem into the people's flag.

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